Based on the combination of two personality constructs:
- Need to achieve (Nach): the capacity to experience pride or satisfaction in accomplishment
- Need to avoid failure (Naf): the capacity to experience shame or humiliation in defeat
High achievers (high Nach low Naf)
See success as important & seek out challenging situations. They strive hard for success without worrying about failure.
Low achievers (low Nach high Naf)
Worry about failure more than striving for success - success would be nice but they prefer to avoid failure & the anxiety associated with achievement situations.
High achiever characteristics:
- persistent
- seek challenge
- similar ability opponents
- confident
- congratulate themselves when win
- failure leads to them asking themselves how they can improve
- enjoy feedback
- focus on performance
- positive experiences
- gradually increasing task difficulty
- goal setting
- use positive feedback and praise/support from significant others
- reduce punishment
- encourage risk taking
- use attributions correctly
- develop high levels of self efficacy/avoid learned helplessness
Outcome (competitive) - focuses on comparing performance against & defeating others. The problem with this is we cannot control others performance. This can result in reduced motivation even when personal performance is good.
Task (mastery) - focuses on comparing performance with personal standards & improvement. This makes success easier to achieve & to feel good about themselves, therefore improving motivation. Therefore task orientation is recommended.
Situational factors
- Probability of success (task difficulty)
- Incentive value of success (how rewarding the success is to the performer)
Situational component: highest when 50% chance of success.
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